which

which
いずれ 何れ
どちら 何方 <emphatic>
どれどれ 何何 <of three or more>
どれ 何れ
* * *
/(h)wítʃ/
〖代〗(主格・目的格which, 所有格whose, of which)
I疑問代名詞
1 [主格・目的格; 独立用法]
a [文頭で; wh疑問文] どちらどれ; どちらの[どの]人[もの]《◆限定された数のものからの選択; 不特定のものからの選択はwhat; ⇒ who〖代〗1 》

Wwhich́ is yóur bòok? どちら[どれ]があなたの本ですか

W~xWho] of those girls do you like? あの女の子たちのうちでどの子が好きですか

W~ is the cheaper [((略式)) the cheapest] of the two? 2つのうちでどちらが安いのですか

I don't know ~ to choose. どちらを選ぶべきかは私には分からない

I wonder ~ of them will win. 彼らのうちどちらが勝つのだろう

W~ is the shortest month of [in] the year? 1年の中で最も短い月は?《◆whatの代りにwhichも慣用的に用いられる》.

b [通例文尾で; 問い返し疑問文]《◆相手の発言に対する驚き・念押しに用いる》

You chose ~? どちらを選んだって?

2 [形容詞用法] どちらの, どの

Wwhich́ bóok is míne? どちらの本が私のですか

Ásk which́ wáy to tàke. どっちの道を行ったらよいか尋ねなさい

W~ dresses do you think I should wear? どの服を着たらいいかしら.

II関係代名詞
3
a [主格・目的格; 制限用法] …する(ところの)(物, 事)《◆(1) 主格・目的格ともthatと交換可能. (2) 目的格の場合, ((略式))では通例省略. (3) 先行詞は物・事》

The meeting (~ was) held yesterday was a success. 昨日開かれた会合は盛会であった《◆主格であっても節中の動詞がbe動詞のときはwhich+beの省略可》

The bicycle (which̀) I sold was old. 私の売った自転車は古かった

I don't like the house in ~ he lives. = I don't like the house (~[that]) he lives in. 彼の住んでいる家は好きではない《◆後者の方が口語的; which, thatとも用いないのが一番くだけた表現》

I need something with ~ to write [x~ to write with]. 何か書くものが必要だ《◆… something (~) I can write with. か, 関係代名詞を用いずに… something to write withの方が普通》.

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◇[語法]
(1)強調構文としても用いられる: It is this typewriter ~ [that] is broken. こわれているのはこのタイプライターなのです.
(2)先行詞にall, every, any, no, the only, the very, 形容詞の最上級, 序数詞を伴うときはthatを用いる方が普通. 先行詞にsuch, the sameを伴うときはasを用いる.
(3)主格であっても挿入句前のwhichが省略されることがある: I bought a book (~) I thought would be of interest to my son. 息子の興味を引くだろうと思う本を買った《◆I thoughtが挿入句》.
(4)先行詞に集合名詞やthe+「人を表す名詞」が用いられることもある: a family ~ dates back to the Norman Conquest ノルマン征服の時にさかのぼる一族/She is not the woman ~ his mother wants her to be. 彼女はお母さんが望んでいるような女性ではない《◆「人を表す名詞」に用いる場合にはしばしば軽蔑の気持ちを含む: the Christians ~ we threw to the lions 我々がライオンのえさに投げ入れてやったクリスチャンのやつら》.
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b [of ~; 所有格; 制限用法] …する(ところの)(物, 事)《◆先行詞は物・事》

She sang a song, the title of ~ is unknown to me. = … a song (~) I didn't know the title of. 彼女は私が題名を知らない歌を歌った(=… a song whose title is … )

the house, the windows of ~ are broken 窓がこわれている家(=the house whose windows are broken)《◆以上2つの言い方よりthe house with the broken windowsの方が普通》(cf. ⇒ with〖前〗7 ).

c ((古))[人を先行詞として](who)《◆今でもbaby, childに用いられることがある》

This is the baby ~ needs inoculation. この子は予防接種が必要な乳児です

Our Father ~ art in heaven, … 〔聖〕天にましますわれらの父よ, ….

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◇[語法] [of which と whose] (1) どちらも((略式))ではまれ.
(2) 通例whoseの方がwhichより好まれるが, 堅い書き言葉ではどちらも同程度に使われる.
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4 [主格・目的格; 非制限用法]
a [単一の語を先行詞として] そしてそれは[を]

Her clothes(), are beautiful. 彼女の服はどれもパリで作られたもので美しいものです

This sherry, for ~ I paid 2 pounds [((略式))~ I paid 2 pounds for], is awful. このシェリーは2ポンドで買ったのだが, ひどいものだ.

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◇[語法]
(1) 通例and it [they] またはand … it [them]の意であるが, 前後関係によりandのほかにbut, because, thoughなどの意になることもある.
(2) 書き言葉に多く用いられ, 通例その前に(挿入的に用いた場合はその節の前後に)コンマを置く.
(3) 主格・目的格ともthatと交換不可.
(4) 目的格の場合でも省略不可.
(5) [of whichの制約] … of which句を主語にした文I can lend you two dictionaries, both of ~ [of ~ both] are very good. (辞書は2冊お貸しできます. 2冊ともとてもよい辞書です)は正しいが, of which句が目的語になる場合はI can lend you two dictionaries, both of ~ [xof ~ both] I can recommend. (2冊とも推薦できます)のようにxof which bothは不可. 後半は次のように言ってもよい: … , of which I can recommend both. いずれにせよ, 話し言葉ではI can lend you two dictionaries. Both of them are very good. のようにいうのが普通《◆この(5) は関係代名詞whomの非制限用法にもあてはまる》.
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b [句・節・文またはその内容を先行詞として] そしてそのことは《◆通例主節の前に置かない; asの方が堅い言い方》

Her feet were bare, ~ [as] was the custom in those days. 彼女ははだしだった. その当時の習慣がそうであったように《◆先行詞は節 Her feet were bare》

Rats ran about the attic all night, ~ kept her awake. 屋根裏部屋を一晩中ネズミが走りまわって彼女は眠れなかった《◆先行詞は節 Rats ran about the attic all night》

I tried to solve a math problem, ~ was found to be impossible. その数学の問題を解こうとしたが, 不可能であるとわかった《◆先行詞は句 to solve a math problem; impossibleの代りにunsolvableであれば先行詞はa math problem》

He said he passed the exam, ~ was lie. 彼は試験に合格したと言ったが, うそであった(=He said he passed the exam, but it was a lie. )《◆先行詞は節 he passed the exam》.

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◇[語法] 節全体を先行詞とする場合, ((略式))ではこの関係詞節を独立させることがある: He writes in a colloquial style. W~ is why I like reading his novels. 彼の文体は口語体です. だから, 私は彼の小説を読むのが好きなんです. このwhichの独立用法はますます増える傾向にあり, 前段階を受けて次の段階の冒頭に立ったり, 相手の発言を受けて自分の発言の冒頭に立つ用法なども見られる: “W~ reminds me: where's Lois?”(相手のロイスに関する発言を受けて)「それで思い出したんだが, ロイスはどこにいるの」.
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c [人を表す名詞・形容詞を先行詞として] …であるがそれは[を, に]…《◆(1) 節中のbe動詞の補語となる. (2) 先行詞が名詞の場合はその名詞に不定冠詞がつき, 人そのものではなく, 地位・性格・人柄・職業などをさす; それゆえwho, thatは用いられない; この場合制限用法ではthatが普通( ⇒ that34 )》

Ann is a vegetarian, ~ [xwho, xthat] no one else is in my family. アンは菜食主義者ですが, 私の家族にはほかには(菜食主義者は)いません

They thought she was being serious, ~ in a way perhaps she was. 彼女は真剣であると彼らは思ったし, 恐らくいくぶんかは真剣だったろう

Mr. Jones wore a dark blue suit and looked like a bank clerk, ~ he was. ジョーンズ氏は濃い青色の背広を着て銀行員のように見えたが, 事実そうであった.

5 [先行詞を含んで] (…する)どちら[どれ]でも(whichever)

Choose ~ of the books you want. その本のうち欲しいのをどれでも選びなさい.

6 ((正式))[形容詞用法・非制限用法] そして[しかし]その《◆(1) 通例and the … の意味になるが, 前後関係によりandのほかにbut, because, though, ifなどの意になることもある. (2) 前置詞の後に用いる以外は((まれ))》

In 1960 he came to Tokyo, in ~ city he has lived ever since. 彼は1960年に東京に来て, それ以来都内に住んでいる《◆in which cityの代りにwhereを用いる方が普通》

I said nothing, ~ fact made her angry. 私が何も言わなかったので, そのことで彼女は腹を立てた《◆普通はfactを取って… nothing, which made … のようにする; ((略式))では次のようにする: I said nothing and this made her angry. 》

He may not know the fact, in ~ case he will be in danger. 彼は事実を知らないのかもしれない. とすると危険な目に会うだろう.

that which
((正式))(…する)こと[もの](what).
which is which
どれ[どちら]が, どれ[どちら]か; どこがどこやら.

English-Japanese dictionary. 2013.

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